Kurt Lewin s Influence On Social Psychology Essay

There have been many famous psychologists throughout history, including Sigmund Freud, B. F. Skinner, and countless others. Though the psychologist who had the biggest impact on social psychology would be Kurt Lewin. Commonly known as the father of social psychology, Lewin put in countless hours of hard work and research in the study of the individual behavior among social situations. By working with other renowned psychologists, creating theories of his own, and leaving a mark on the world that still thrives today, Kurt Lewin is greatly responsible for the many of the advancements of psychology throughout history. Born in a small town of Mogilno, now a part of Poland, on September 9, 1890, Kurt Lewin began his mark on history. Lewin was one of four children, who all worked within their family’s general store and farm. Lewin’s family lived above the general store until they moved to Berlin, when Lewin was fifteen years old. After going to different schools and studying Greek philosophy, medicine, and biology, Lewin found himself attending the University of Berlin in 1910 (Bradley). He attended the university to acquire a doctorate degree in philosophy and psychology. Though not long after, Lewin had to take a break from his studies to join Kaiser’s army. Lewin fought in World War I for four years until he was wounded in combat. Once returned he met his first wife Maria Landsberg, whom he had his first two children with. Being able to return to his studies, Lewin used hisShow MoreRelatedKurt Lewin s Work With Psychology1051 Words   |  5 PagesKurt Lewin was born in Poland on September 9, 1880. Lewin was a German American psychologist predominantly known for his work with psychology field theory, group dynamics and his theory of change. A majority of Lewin’s work was focused on practical psychological issues such as racism, child development, and humanization of the workplace and school. Some describe Lewin as the founder of experi mental social psychology. Kurt Lewin was born in Poland on September 9, 1880 into a jewish family. In 1909Read MoreHuman Development Theories Essay1649 Words   |  7 Pagescharacteristics but also to numerous kinds of behavior (Crain, 2011). As a result of Darwin’s studies other ethnologist began making discoveries. Lorenz’s imprinting studies on goslings concluded there’s an early critical period in which imprinting occurs. Social attachments are formed impart by the imprinting process. According to Bowlby, a six month old baby will have narrowed their attachment to just a few people with one in particular and will become afraid of strangers (Crain, 2011). Additionally, AinsworthRead MoreIdentification Of Nursing Informatics Theory1273 Words   |  6 PagesIdentification of Nursing Informatics Theory Lewin s Change Management Theory The presence of change is inevitable. Healthcare organizations are challenged by changes every single day. Unlike, any other organization, the healthcare system exists to serve and care for human beings during some of the most challenging times of their lives. Nurses are challenged by changes every minute, of every day. Nurses are educated and trained to possess such an understanding of medical conditions and their impactRead MoreThe Need of Changing in Organizations1379 Words   |  6 Pageschange causes both organizational and individual Organizational causes Organizations as a whole can have resistance to change as individuals, and culture influence them. When organizations are looking at change, the important factor is recognizing that the individuals in the organization and the organization itself exist in a social setting. Changes that occur within the organization are based on the response to the culture or need of the environment in which the organization operates. BelowRead MoreApplying Change Theory Of Electronic Medical Records999 Words   |  4 Pagesbe applying Kurt Lewin’s Change Theory to the adaption of Electronic Medical Records in a Doctor’s office. We will discuss a step by step process. Key words Change management, Lewin change theory Applying Change Theory to Electronic Medical Records Kurt Lewin’s change theory has been used by many organizations to help implement change. According to Schien (2010) â€Å"Few people have had as profound an impact on the theory and practice of social and organizational psychology as Kurt Lewin.†. Lewin’sRead MorePlanned Approach to Change11990 Words   |  48 PagesKurt Lewin and the Planned Approach to Change: A Re-appraisal Bernard Burnes Manchester School of Management ï  ¡Ã¯  ¢Ã¯  ³Ã¯  ´Ã¯  ²Ã¯  ¡Ã¯  £Ã¯  ´ The work of Kurt Lewin dominated the theory and practice of change management for over 40 years. However, in the past 20 years, Lewin’s approach to change, particularly the 3-Step model, has attracted major criticisms. The key ones are that his work: assumed organizations operate in a stable state; was only suitable for small-scale change projects; ignored organizational powerRead MoreKurt Lewin and complexity theories: back to the future?7984 Words   |  32 PagesVol. 4, No. 4, 309-325, December 2004 i\ l\ Kurt Lewin and complexity theories: back to the future? BERNARD BURNES Manchester School of Management, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, Manchester, UK ABSTRACT Many writers acknowledge the significance of Kurt Lewin s contribution to organizational change. However, over the last 20 years, where the focus has been on rapid, transformational change, Lewin s work has increasingly become seen as outmoded and irrelevantRead MoreKurth Lewins3171 Words   |  13 PagesIntroduction: The purpose of this article is to criticize Kurt Lewin’s model of change. I will shows how successful change can be encouraged and facilitated for long-term success. The article compares the characteristics of Lewin’s Three-Step Change Theory. According to me Kurt Lewin’s theory is agoal and plan oriented because it only consider about change not peoples feeling and opinions. His theory makes a complex sense. It is assumed that it takes decades to understand his theory. I will beRead MoreA Nurse Residency Program For New Nursing1433 Words   |  6 PagesTo aid with the implementation of the home health care residency program, the change theory from Kurt Lewin will be utilized for this process. The Change Theory of Nursing was developed by Kurt Lewin, who is considered the father of social psychology. He theorized a three-stage model of change known as unfreezing-change-refreeze model that requires prior learning to be rejected and replaced. Lewin s definition o f behavior in this model is a dynamic balance of forces working in opposing directionsRead MoreThe Key Studies Within Social Psychology1350 Words   |  6 Pagesstudies within Social Psychology and show why social psychology is still important within the science of psychology today. Social psychology was once described by Allport (as cited in Lindzey Aronson, 1985, p.5) as, â€Å"the scientific study of how people’s thoughts, feelings and behaviours are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of others†. One of the first psychologists to study social psychology was Kurt Lewin. Lewin is considered the â€Å"father of social psychology† by many as he

The Effect Of Superannuation On Australia s Economic...

The concept of superannuation was introduced through the Superannuation Guarantee (SG) with the idea of managing, accumulating and growing assets of members so that once retirement arrives they can enjoy a higher standard of living without concern for a shortage of income when retirement occurs, they arrive in the form of pension, lump sums or both. It is further explained by Dawkins (1992) that our current retirement income system was weak and that there was a need to strengthen Australia’s national saving performance. He stated â€Å"Greater domestic saving will relax the current account constraint on Australia’s economic performance. It will mean that we can grow faster without relying so heavily on foreign saving and building up an†¦show more content†¦Super funds are either accumulation funds or defined funds, accumulated contribution funds are the most common type of superannuation fund and they act as a bank account, however the benefits made by them ar e not capital guaranteed which means that the benefits may be depreciated due to negative investment returns. These are the sorts of investment risks that comes with superannuation. Administration charges, policy fees, insurance premiums and taxes are deducted from members account. Defined benefit funds are based off a formula using the member’s final salary and the years of their employment. This fund also holds investment risk as if the investment is too high the amount that the employer is required to contribute to the fund can reduce and contributions may not be needed. The Financial System Inquiry (FSI) released a recommendation stating â€Å"Seek broad political agreement for, and enshrine in legislation, the objectives of the superannuation system and report publicly on how policy proposals are consistent with achieving these objectives over the long term†. This phrase was directed at the government with respects of them agreeing with the intent of the superannuation system for providing income within retirement instead of relying entirely on the age pension. However, that isn’t the only objective of the superannuation system, the objectives branch off into multiple subsidiary objectives such as

The impact of the electronic society free essay sample

According to the study on heavy metal content of personal computers by Hading and colleagues, each of these elements occur In concentrations higher than the federally regulated levels. The steadily growing stream of electronic waste poses a threat to human health and environmental integrity. In 2005, more than 63 million personal computers will be disposed of according to a recent study by National Safety Council. When these computers are retired there are four options: recycling, donating, returning to the manufacturer, throwing in the trash. The most common procedure is throwing it way. In 2005 an estimated 5. Billion pounds of electronic waste was generated (EPA, 2005). Of this, only 9% was recycled (Hading et al. , 2006). When computers end up in landfills it is possible that the toxic metal can leach into groundwater. The EPA developed the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TALC) to simulate a scenario in which toxic materials leach out into landfills. (Schmidt 2003, Gang Townsend 2003) These tests show that lead and other toxic metals in e-waste do leach. We will write a custom essay sample on The impact of the electronic society or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This Is an environmental hazard that can not be ignored, however, alternative ND-of-life options are yet to produce a cure all solution. Ho_gets_the_trash. Jpg Who Gets the Trash? Sedgwick, Philippe. Basel Action Network: Vital Waste Graphics. 2004 http://maps. Grid. No/go/graphic/whets_the_trash No Easy Answer Electronic-waste recycling flow exemplifies the pattern of technology and material flow In the world economy. When American consumers chose to recycle their computers, they must pay an Intermediary company to pick-up their computer. This intermediary company then sells the computer to e-waste recycling operations, mostly in South and East Asia. In 2002, the United States sent 10. 2 million computers to the region, mostly China. Lies 2004) Recycling operations present challenges and opportunities for developing nations. E-waste is a source of electronic parts and valuable metals for reuse. Of the world tantalum stock, 24% Is from recycled sources (Berger Hayes 2002). These plants are provide employment waste-jpg impoverished regions. (lies, 2004) However, these benefits are at costs to human and environmental health. Recycling computers is a physically complicated process. Computers must be taken apart by hand, because plastic and metals are often combined. Toxic metals can contaminate if not handled properly.When toxic materials are not fully separated, they can return to the market in unexpected forms. Toys and other products made from Improperly recycled plastics can contain traces It is a high cost industry, and is only profitable in Asia, because laborers work for very low wages. If recycling operations were to succeed in developed nations, governments would need to subsidize the process. (Lies, 2004) Environmental Injustice is the systematic imposition of disproportionate environmental costs and shards on geographically, culturally, ethnically, or temporally defined groups.Is the e-waste recycling stream a driver of environmental injustice? The positive consequences of electronic waste are greater employment, raw materials, electronic parts, and improved infrastructure within the countrys institutions. However, these benefits are concentrated in the hands of managers and the affluent classes within societies. Like coolant mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, hazardous employment is perceived as an improvement over no employment. This is the result of conscious poverty.

E-Commerce Industries Brick-and-Mortar Retailers

Question: Describe about the E-Commerce Industries for Brick-and-Mortar Retailers. Answer: Introduction E-commerce industries are growing with a very high speed from the last few years. People prefer more of the e-commerce business instead of retail business as it reduces the human efforts. This vast growth in e-commerce industry has challenged the retail industries. Large number of varieties in various things whether it is clothing, accessories, furniture, household items, etc. are available in e-commerce business. The main reason behind the peoples preference to e-commerce is the doorstep delivery and return exchange policy of the items. Even the cash on delivery option has increased the trust of customers on the e-commerce industry. This report covers the various information such as how e-commerce has affected the retail industry, how e-commerce is rising these days, what are the security issues related to e-commerce industries and how they could be solved and what is the role of social media in the growth of e-commerce industry. Impact of E-commerce on Retail Industry E-commerce industries such as Jabong, Flipkart, Snapdeal, Myntra, etc. are challenging stakeholders of wholesale and retail industries by offering attractive discounts to the customers. Brick and mortar retailers and wholesalers are getting worse hit by the e-commerce industries and so they are pressurizing various bands to support them for competing with ecommerce websites. Due to increasing growth of e-commerce industries, retail industry is lacking behind because the density of sales get reduced. Also, retailers are forced to spend investment so that new channels can be developed for competing with the ecommerce industries. Due to all these issues, retailers face worse environment with high fixed costs, and capital expenditure is also increased which in turn leads to decrease the margins of retailers (Dalal Tandon, 2014). Retailers need to adapt the changes in market for surviving a better life. In India, FDI is not allowed in the online retail but foreign funds are allowed for marketplaces. Many brands are happy because their products are on these marketplaces but there are many brands too which get lower margins by selling their products online. In India, there are many e-commerce companies which are funded by the private firms but still they do not have that much profit. This means sometimes e-commerce companies cut down their own profits with affecting the offline retailers (Bakos, Lucas, Oh, Simon, Viswanathan, Weber, 2005). A survey was done in which it was discovered that companies like Lenovo and Toshiba have cautioned that e-commerce sites are not their authorized sellers . Even brands like Canon and Amazon have banned selling their products on e-commerce sites. The reason in not the reduction in volume of sales, but they are afraid of that their reputation may get hurt if e-commerce give large discounts on their brands. There are many clothing brands such as Puma, Lee, etc. which are working with e-commerce sites and provide discounts on the leftover stock. Even large brick and mortar retailers such as Croma, Spencers, Shoppers stop are adapting the strategy of combining their stores with the websites and making it the important medium of sales. Importance of Customer Information for e-commerce business There are number of benefits that an ecommerce company may have by collecting the information of customers. While doing business, it should be known that who is the target and it can be possible by collecting the data of customer. The products in which a particular customer gets interested, then the information of that product could be sent to the interested customer. Keeping the email addresses of customers helps to get in touch with the new and previous customers so that special deals could be provided to them accordingly via email. With the help of email, companies can offer various coupons and promo codes to the customers with a particular validity that may attract the customers (Meyer, 2013). If the company has details of customers, then any issues that customer might have can be solved easily whether it is in terms of payment, shipment, or any other matter. These kinds of issues can be dealt efficiently if the company has contact details of the customer. In any kind of business, it is important to keep the customers happy to have a long term relationship with them (E-commerce and the Market Structure of Retail Industries, 2009). The details such as buying pattern of customer and what the customer usually buys can help to improve marketing and service of customer. Company may then easily analyze about the buying habits of customer and making sure that product is always available with them (Steel, Daglish, Marriott, Gemmell Howell, 2011). Marketing Techniques of E-commerce It is important that if an e-commerce industry has been set up, then a proper marketing strategy should also be planned for it. Marketing strategy is important for E-commerce industry because of the following reasons (Zorzini, 2016): For awaking the people about new brand and newly opened e-commerce industry so that they could know about the industry. For increasing the sales of the industry. Customer Loyalty is an important part of every business. It is always important to satisfy the customer. Therefore, loyalty of customer should always be a preference for e-commerce industry. To compete well with other e-commerce industries so that reputation is maintained in the market. Some marketing techniques which are used by e-commerce industries are as follows (Roberge, 2009): Content Marketing Strategy: Content is always a main concern for the introduction of any kind of business. Before introducing the industry to people, it is important that there should be a pre-introduction process which can be done by awaring people about the industry with the help of blogs, posts, and articles. Quality content is responsible to market the content to people. Therefore, Content Marketing is one of the important marketing strategies in a e-commerce industry. Email Marketing Campaign: Email marketing is one of the effective marketing techniques for e-commerce industry. This technique is used to convince and influence the customers via email to buy more and more products. Email marketing campaign is used to keep in touch with customers so that important information regarding products can be send to the customers. Social Media Marketing: Social media is the strong source of marketing about the new e-commerce industry as almost everyone is active on the social media in this digital era world. E-commerce industries must create their pages on various social media websites such as google, facebook, linkedin, twitter, and pinterest. Contents such as posts or articles can be shared with the audience via social media websites and some tools for social media analysis can be used for understanding that which source of social media is doing it well. Personalization Strategy: Sometimes, customers feel risk to spend money on the companies which they have never visited or they have never seen. So, in that case personalization marketing strategy performs well. In personalization strategy, while addressing people; names of employees can be send with emails that show out the videos of employees working and making the products so that customers feel special and take interest to invest and spend their money in the company. Loyalty Program: A loyalty program is always helpful to get customers back to your store again. You can offer some rewards or cash back on the particular amount of shopping bill so that customers could feel happy and thankful. Security Issues with E-commerce Business The massive use of Internet Business is leading to the number of security attacks that harms the security. Therefore, in order to have secure business, e-commerce system should meet following four security requirements (Pigford, 2013): Privacy: The information that is shared must be kept saved from the unauthorized identities. Integrity: The information that is to be exchanged must not be modified or altered. Authentication: To perform some functionality, identities of sender and receivers must be checked. Non-repudiation: A proof must be taken that information that is to be shared has been received. Attacks on Security Denial of Service Attacks: These attacks are those attacks which attempts at making a machine or resource unavailable to its authorized user by interrupting or suspending the services of a host connected to internet (ORaghallaigh, 2010). Phlashing: Phlashing is also referred to as a Permanent Denial-of-service attack in which a system is damaged such that the hardware is reinstalled or replaced in a system. Attackers make flaws in hardware, printers, routers or other networking resources so as to open the doors for attackers to update the firmware of device and making it unusable for its purpose. Brute Force Attacks: Brute Force attacks are attacks of cracking the cryptographic schemes by trying large number of encryption keys to break the encryption. Phishing: Phishing is the process of attempting to get important or sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, credit card details or other payment details by masquerading as an authorized entity in the system. Ways to overcome the security issues in e-commerce Firewall: A firewall is a both hardware and software which really acts like a wall between the computer system and network that stops any unauthorized network to enter into the private network. Strong Passwords: Strong password policy is one of the strongest methods to control the security of the system. All e-commerce companies should adopt the strong password policy. Weak passwords should not get access to register on the website. Strong passwords are like which have at least one uppercase letter, at least one lowercase letter, at least one special character and at least one numeric value so that attacker could not easily guess the strong password. SSL(Security Socket Layer): Security Socket Layer is basically a protocol which is used for transmitting the private or sensitive documents using the internet. In SSl, a cryptographic system is used which makes use of both public key and private key. HTTPS: HTTPS stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure. It is basically used for determining that how a message gets formatted and how it is then transmitted and what are the precaution that are to be taken by browsers and web servers. Role of Social Media in Ecommerce Social Media has a great importance in Ecommerce as it helps companies to establish stronger presence, to generate high audience and to increase the traffic on their websites. It is an effective way to create interest and attract the audiences in large number that use social media. Social media provides various innovation options such as liking a post, commenting on a post, sharing a post. As much as the posts are liked, commented, or shared, popularity of the ecommerce business increases and it is seen by large number of audience that helps in increasing the growth of business. There are various social media platforms in which marketing can be done so effectively such as Facebook, Pinterest, LinkedIn, Twitter etc. Recommendation Recommendation: It is good that e-commerce business is growing but it is recommended to have good practices for customer satisfaction so that business could not get affected. If Retail marketers involve with e-commerce, then the possibility of growth of business also getsincreased. Therefore, there is need to maintain balance between the retail market and e-commerce business. It has been surveyed that almost 70% of the total population is active on social media,so it is also recommend that social media can play an efficient role to promote the e-commerce business. Conclusion Ecommerce businesses are being widely used these days because it not only reduces the human efforts to go outside and shop but it also offers various discounts, deals, rewards and cashbacks which attract the customers a lot. This is a main reason why ecommerce business is growing nowadays. It has affected retail market in a bad way that sales are going down in retail market, profit margin is getting decreased. That is why; many offline retailers are also getting engaged with the ecommerce business to survive their lives. This report has been prepared to discuss all the aspects that are related to the ecommerce business starting from its negative side to its positive side. This report helps readers to know about the growth of ecommerce business. References Dalal, M. and Tandon, S. (2014). E-commerce boom hurts brick-and-mortar retailers. [online] https://www.livemint.com/. Available at: https://www.livemint.com/Industry/f6eARBcJOWrTZTzuDcZZzI/Ecommerce-boom-hurts-brickandmortar-retailers.html [Accessed 23 Jul. 2016]. Bakos, Y., Lucas, H., Oh, W., Simon, G., Viswanathan, S. and Weber, B. (2005). The Impact of E-Commerce on Competition in the Retail Brokerage Industry. 1st ed. [ebook] Information Systems Research. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/23015803?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents [Accessed 23 Jul. 2016]. Pigford, J. (2013). Why customer data is important for your ecommerce business. [online] The BigCommerce Blog. Available at: https://www.bigcommerce.com/blog/customer-data-important-ecommerce/ [Accessed 23 Jul. 2016]. Meyer, C. (2013). E-commerce boom triggers transformation in retail logistics. 1st ed. [ebook] Jones Lang LaSalle. Available at: https://www.jll.com/Research/eCommerce_boom_triggers_transformation_in_retail_logistics_whitepaper_Nov2013.pdf [Accessed 23 Jul. 2016]. E-commerce and the Market Structure of Retail Industries. (2009). 1st ed. [ebook] uchicago.edu. Available at: https://home.uchicago.edu/syverson/ecommerce.pdf [Accessed 23 Jul. 2016]. Steel, W., Daglish, T., Marriott, L., Gemmell, N. and Howell, B. (2011). E - Commerce and its effect upon the Retail Industry and Government Revenue. 1st ed. [ebook] ISCR. Available at: https://booksellers.co.nz/sites/default/files/E-Commerce-and-its-effect-upon-the-Retail-Industry-and-Government-Revenue.pdf [Accessed 23 Jul. 2016]. Zorzini, C. (2016). 50 Unbeatable Ecommerce Marketing Tips for 2016. [online] Ecommerce Platforms. Available at: https://ecommerce-platforms.com/articles/50-unbeatable-ecommerce-marketing-tips [Accessed 23 Jul. 2016]. ORaghallaigh, E. (2010). Security Issues in E-Commerce. [online] Webscience.ie. Available at: https://webscience.ie/blog/2010/security-issues-in-e-commerce/ [Accessed 23 Jul. 2016]. Roberge, M. (2009). Internet Marketing Strategies for Ecommerce Websites. 1st ed. [ebook] Hubspot. Available at: https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/53/file-13204589-pdf/docs/internet-marketing-strategies-for-ecommerce-websites-webinar-slides.pdf [Accessed 23 Jul. 2016]. Sharma, L. (2015). Essential Role of Social Media Networking in Ecommerce. [online] Socialnomics. Available at: https://socialnomics.net/2015/09/15/essential-role-of-social-media-networking-in-ecommerce/ [Accessed 23 Jul. 2016].